Original ContributionAddition of buprenorphine to local anesthetic in adductor canal blocks after total knee arthroplasty improves postoperative pain relief: a randomized controlled trial☆
Introduction
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a relatively common elective orthopedic surgery primarily performed for relief of severe arthritic symptoms. In 2010, approximately 600,000 such procedures were performed in the United States. That number is estimated to increase to 3.5 million by 2030 [1], [2]. An important determinant of patient outcome is early mobilization and rehabilitation [3]. Effective postoperative analgesia is integral to early mobilization, and regional blocks have become a vital component of pain management plans in this patient population. Traditionally, the femoral nerve block (FNB) was seen as the criterion standard regional anesthetic block for postoperative analgesia after TKA. This thinking has recently been viewed more skeptically as the resulting quadriceps muscle weakness can delay mobilization [4], [5], [6]. Studies of adductor canal blocks (ACBs) have placed an emphasis on the primarily sensory blockade and the reduced muscular blockade, in comparison to FNB. In Jaeger et al, healthy volunteers performed a crossover study with an FNB vs ACB and found that FNB left patients with a quadriceps strength value of 52% of baseline, whereas an ACB maintained 91% of baseline quadriceps strength [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13].
The addition of an opioid to the local anesthetic in regional blocks has been shown to prolong the duration of analgesia and decrease the use of oral analgesics [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]. Buprenorphine was demonstrated by Leffler et al [20] to have the longest duration of action of any opioid, due to its blockade of sodium channels on peripheral opioid receptors. It has been demonstrated that buprenorphine has a higher potency, slower onset, and longer duration of action than local anesthetics or other long-acting opioids [21]. To date, there have been no studies examining the addition of buprenorphine to ACB for postoperative analgesia after TKA.
The primary objective of this study was to determine if the addition of buprenorphine to bupivacaine for ACB placement would reduce opioid consumption in comparison to ACB with bupivacaine alone, in the first 24 hours after TKA. The secondary outcomes examined were the incidence of pruritus, nausea, and vomiting.
Our hypothesis was that the addition of buprenorphine to bupivacaine for ACB would decrease postoperative opioid consumption without an increased incidence of nausea, vomiting, or pruritis.
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Materials and methods
For determining the group sizes, a priori power analysis using G*Power 3.1.6 program was performed. Typical input parameters of α = .05 (type I error probability), power = (1 − β) = 0.8 (β type II error probability), and moderate to medium size effect were assumed. It was determined that approximately 50 patients should be enrolled in each of the 2 treatment groups for a total of 100 patients. After institutional review board approval from St Joseph Mercy Oakland, 100 subjects who were undergoing TKA
Results
Figure 1 displays the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram. The study excluded 3 patients from analysis due to chronic opioid use preoperatively and excessive use of opioid analgesics postoperatively. Two of the excluded patients were from the study arm, and 1 excluded patient was from the placebo arm. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to sex, age, weight, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, or time of surgery
Discussion
It is widely accepted that regional anesthesia techniques improve postoperative analgesia and patient satisfaction after orthopedic surgery. Studies have shown that performance of a peripheral nerve block is a safe procedure even for those on an antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulants [22]. Use of a nerve block is now regarded as a conservative therapy which may help patients reduce the incidence of complications.
ACB has been demonstrated to be an effective technique in reducing postoperative
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2017, Journal of Clinical AnesthesiaCitation Excerpt :In a randomized control trial, Krishnan et al. compared 24 h postoperative opioid consumption after unilateral TKA when an adductor canal block with 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was performed versus an adductor canal block with 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 200 μg of buprenorphine. Decreased opioid consumption was observed in patients who received an adductor canal block with buprenorphine (25.34 ± 2.62 mg morEq) compared to the group that received adductor canal block with local anesthetic only (35.84 ± 2.86 mg morEq, P = 0.0076) [113]. The addition of buprenorphine to an adductor canal block decreased opioid requirement in the postoperative period and is more efficacious when compared to adductor canal block with local anesthetic alone, which make this anesthetic adjunct attractive for using prior to TKA.
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Disclosures: No grants, no sponsors, and no funding sources provided direct or indirect financial support to the research work contained in the manuscript. The authors have no conflict of interest.
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